KONSEP AL-KHABĀ’ITS DALAM HUKUM ISLAM KONTEMPORER PERSPEKTIF YŪSUF AL-QARAḌĀWĪ DAN IBN ‘ĀSHŪR

Abstract

 Abstrak

Abstrak ini mengkaji kerangka konseptual al-khabā’its dalam hukum Islam kontemporer melalui studi komparatif pemikiran Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī dan Ibn ‘Āshūr. Konsep al-khabā’its yang bersumber dari Q.S. al-A‘rāf [7]: 157 semakin relevan dalam merespons persoalan hukum modern, seperti produk pangan, farmasi, dan isu lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perbedaan dan titik temu pemikiran kedua tokoh dalam memahami al-khabā’its berdasarkan pendekatan maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis komparatif dengan pendekatan maqāṣid. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī menekankan fleksibilitas kontekstual dalam penetapan hukum melalui prinsip fiqh al-awlawiyyāt, sedangkan Ibn ‘Āshūr membangun kerangka konseptual yang lebih sistematis dan normatif melalui teori pemeliharaan martabat manusia (ḥifẓ al-karāmah al-insāniyyah). Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua pendekatan tersebut bersifat saling melengkapi dalam menjawab problematika hukum Islam kontemporer, di mana al-Qaraḍāwī menawarkan keluwesan praktis, sementara Ibn ‘Āshūr memberikan landasan teoritis yang kokoh. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan metodologi hukum Islam kontemporer dengan menegaskan bahwa konsep al-khabā’its perlu dipahami secara dinamis melalui kerangka maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah, bukan semata-mata secara tekstual, agar hukum Islam mampu merespons perkembangan zaman secara efektif.
Kata kunci: al-khabā’its; maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah; Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī; Ibn ‘Āshūr; hukum Islam kontemporer

Abstract

The 1998 Reformation marked a fundamental transformation in Indonesia's constitutional system, marked by the integration of Chapter XA on Human Rights into the 1945 Constitution. Although Indonesia's constitutional human rights framework is advanced and progressive, a significant gap exists between the constitutional promise and the reality of its implementation. This study analyzes the inconsistencies in the regulation and enforcement of human rights in Indonesia through a normative legal approach. The research results show that inconsistencies occur at the regulatory level, where several laws, such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) and the Blasphemy Law, actually erode the human rights guarantees within the constitution. At the enforcement level, the legalistic- formalistic approach adopted by officials often ignores a human rights perspective, thereby perpetuating injustice. Vulnerable groups such as religious minorities, the LGBTQ+ community, and human rights defenders become victims of this legal uncertainty. The role of the Constitutional Court and the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) in correcting these inconsistencies is also considered suboptimal due to limitations in authority, inconsistent decisions, and weak inter-institutional coordination. The study concludes that systemic reconstruction through institutional strengthening, transformation of legal culture, and the integration of human rights impact assessments is necessary to achieve effective and consistent human rights constitutionality.

Keywords: al-khabā’its, maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī, Ibn ‘Āshūr, contemporary Islamic law